1．beat (n)敲击，跳动 (vt)打，输

beaten track 常规；惯例；被踩出来的路

辨析：beat和win的用法：① beat表示“在战斗中战胜对手，宾语是人，不是物”。

beat后接运动员、球队或对手等。例如：I can beat you at chess .

② beat意为“胜于，击败”。例：He is going to beat the world record .

③ win战胜，因赢，它的宾语是物，如比赛，战争。win后接“a game, a war, a watch, a prize”等。例：The boy won the first prize in contest . I can always beat him at chess.

Which team win the football match? We beat them by score 2 to 1.

辨析： beat; hit; strike的用法：这三个词都有”打；击；敲”的意思，但仔细分辩，还是有其各自的用法。① beat 表示”连续不断地打击”；尤其指心脏的跳动。

● beat sb in the chest ● beat…to death ● to beat a drum敲鼓

② hit表示”撞击”（尤指一次性的）或命中（目标）。而strike除了与hit同义外，还可以理解为划（火柴）；给人深刻印象等。 如：The man looked dead but his heart was still beating.这个人看上去已经死了，可心脏还在跳动。

He hit the ball so hard that it went over the wall.他使劲地击球，结果球越过了墙。

I have some _________ to do this afternoon. A. shop B. shops C. shopping D. a shop

He ____ his opponent in the game at last. A. beat B. beated C. beaten D. was beating

2．fame (n)名声；名气；声誉 famous (adj)出名的；著名的

be famous/ known for因/以……而著名（for后接出名的原因）

be famous/ known as作为……而出名/著名(接职务、身份或地位等名词)

be famous/ known to对……来说出名

※比较：be famous as ; be famous for ;be famous to和 be famous at 的用法：

【一】以“地方”做主语：① be famous for 表示“以某种特产而‘闻名’著名，出名”，famous

相当于well-known ② be famous as 表示“以什么样的产地或地方而出名”。eg:

Hangzhou is famous _________ producing silk in China . A. from B. at C. in D. for

● The area is famous as a green tea producing place.这个地区是生产绿茶的地区。

【二】以“人物”做主语：① be famous for 表示 “某人以某种知识，技能或特征出名” ● Einstein was famous for his Theory of Relativity . 爱因斯坦以他的相对论而闻名。※ be famous as表示“某人以某种身份出名”。如： Einstein was famous as a great scientist .【注意】：be famous for 后的介词宾语是主语的所属内容. be famous as 后的介词宾语与主语是同位成分。③ be famous to sb 对某人来说是著名的…④ be famous at （= be good at（擅长））= do well in 在…方面做得好/表现出色。（反义词）be no good at (do badly in)“ 在……方面做得很差”。E.g: Egypt is famous for its grand pyramids. She is famous as a writer.

Tom did badly in the foot ball match. Qingdao is famous for its beautiful scenery.

Lu xun is famous/ known as a writer.

As is known to us all, the Great Wall is one of the seven wonders in the world.

Lu Xun was famous _________ his works _________ a writer.

A. for; for B. for; as C. as; for D. as; as

3．use (vt&n)使用 useless (adj)无用的；无效的；无益的（反义词）useful (adj)

⑴ used to do sth.表示过去经常或持续的行为，现在已不再发生，该句型即可用助动词did构成否定句和疑问句，也可以把used当作助动词的用法来交换。如：I used to climbed trees and swim and play football.我过去常常爬山，游泳，踢足球. ⑵ used to 和would都用来谈过去的习惯，但used to 可以指动作或情况，而would只表示重复的动作且不强调今昔对比. ※比较“ used to be及used to do sth ”和“ be used to do sth及be used to doing sth”的用法: ① 用于肯定句used to be (指状况)表示“过去常常和习惯做某事，也指过去反复发生的动作。即“used to be sth”。其否定形式：used not/ usedn’t to be/do sth/也可用助动词did构成否定句和疑问句， 疑问句形式：used sb to do /be……?

② be used to do sth表示“被用于做……”含有被动语态的意义。

③ become/ get/ be used to doing sth习惯于做某事。用来表示“现在，过去及将来习惯于做某事。” 下列句型中只可用动名词和It作主语，不可用不定式短语作主语：

① It is no use +动名词(v-ing)，表示“……没用”。[= It’s useless + 不定式（to do sth ）. = It is of no use to do sth . = Ther is no use in ……(There is 之后要接表扬的介词短语)]。例：It is no use crying over spilt milk .[=It’s useless to crying over spilt milk.] Reasoning with such a stubborn man is no use.[= It is no use reasoning with such a stubborn.]

●be used for / as / by 的用法：

① be used for表示“某物被用来做…”，for是介词，表示用途，后接名词、代词或－ing形式。例：An orange is used for medicine . A pen is used for writing .

② be used as 表示“被用作……”，as作介词，表示作为。其后一般接名词，强调使用的工具及手段。例：English is used as the second language in many countries .

③ be used by表示“被……使用”，by是介词，后接动作的 执行者（宾语）。例：

English is used by travelers and business people all over the world .

Tractors are used by the farmers .

④ use…for… 表示“用 …来…for后接名词/动名词

⑤ use…to…表示“用…做……to后接动词原形

⑥ be useful for 表示“对……有用”

⑦ be useful to do sth表示 “做……有用”

[练习] 用be used as, be used to do, be used to doing , used to do填空。

① Camels _______ usually______ ________ carry goods in the desert.

② I believe that you will soon _______ _______ _________ the life there.

③ We ________ __________ go swimming in the small river in summer.

④ He _______ ______ get up late in the morning. Now he has got used to getting up early.

⑤ His umbrella ______ _______ _______ a weapon when he met a robber.

⑥ I __________ __________ my present life now.

⑦ Bamboo __________ ___________ ___________ make some things.

⑧ She ________ _________ __________ taking a walk after supper.

⑨ I ______ to be quite afraid to live in that country, but now I have _____ to the life there.

A. used; been used B. used; used C. was used; got used D. get used; been used

4. good (adj)好的 (op) bad坏的 ● goodness善良

※辨析：be good for；be good to; be good at 的用法：

⑴ be good for…接指物的名词。表示“对…有好处” (op) be bad for“对……有坏”

for good =for ever 永远/久地。例：Milk is good for children .

We decided to settle in the country side for good (=and all)

Drinking milk is good for your health.

⑵ be good to = be friendly to …接指人的名词或代词。表示“对…亲切”。

Our math teacher is good to us. We all like him.

⑶ be good at = do well in …接名词、代词(宾格)或v-ing 形式。意为“擅长”“ 在……方面做得好”。例：Little pat is good at dancing.

① Chocolate is goodyour health. A. at B. to C. with D. for

② —- I think drinking milk is goodour health. —- Yes, I agreeyou.

A. for ; with B. to ; to C. with; to D. at; with

5. borrow (vt) 借

［borrow/lend］这两个词的共同意思是“借”。其区别是：（1） borrow 是“借进”，表示“向

某人借”，常与from或of连用。lend是“借出”,表示“借给某人”，常与 连用to连用，如：

I borrow some money of him . 我向他借了一些钱。

Jane used to borrow money from her friends.简过去常向她的朋友借钱。

Jack borrows the raincoat of mine, and I lent him straightforward.杰克借我的雨衣，我很爽快

地借给了他。

When I needed the ladder, I found that you had lent it to your neighbour.我正需要用梯子的时

候，发现你已经借给了邻居。

（2） lend后面可以接双宾语，而borrow不能，如：Could you lend me your bike?你能把自行车借给我用一下吗？

※比较borrow, lend, keep和,return, have back 的用法:

（1）borrow 对主语来说，指：“借入”，常与from连用。 作终止性动词。

I borrowed a book form the school library this afternoon.

（2）lend 对主语来说，指“借出”，常与to连用。作终止性动词。

I can lend my bike to you, but you mustn’t lend it to others.

（3）keep（延续性动词），表示所借的东西要保留一段时间。相当于leave.

— How long can I keep the book? — Two weeks.

（4）return 表示“归还（give/ go/come ）back，恢复”，后接副词，不与back连用，但可与介词to搭配，in return作为回报

（5）have back: 表示“要回来”。

6. bring (vt)带来;拿来

● bring down 使倒下；使下降；使沮丧

The storm brought all the trees down.

Their government could do nothing to bring down prices.

Even the bad news did not bring him down.

● bring in引进；引来；生产

This style of hair –do is brought in from abroad.

This land brought in two thousand pounds of grain last year.

● bring on 带来；引起

Dirt often brings on disease. Reading in a poor light may bring on a headache.

● bring out显示出来；出版；使表现清楚；使发挥

The meaning of that word is brought out very clearly in the next paragraph.

This kind of work brings out the best in her.

Sichuan people’s publishing House is going to bring out this Vocabulary and Phrase Handbook.

● bring up提出；培养；抚养

We decided to bring the matter up at the board meeting.

She was born in the United States but brought up in China.

● bring over使改变想法

We must bring the rest of the committee over to our point of view.

● bring to使苏醒

With the help of artificial respiration his mother soon brought the boy to.

● bring to light揭发；发现

His enemies brought to light some foolish things he had done while young, but he was elected anyway because people trusted him.

The investigation brought to light a number of interesting facts.

● bring back to life 使复生

●比较[bring /fetch /carry /take]的用法：(1) bring 意为“拿”，是从别处拿来，表示单程，有时译为“带来”，如：When you come next time bring your daughter whit you.

(2）fetch 是“去取来”“去拿来”（=go and bring ）,表示一往一返，有时译为“取”，如：

I am going to fetch my child from the school .我要到到学校去接孩子。

(3）carry是“搬，提，拿，扛，抱，背，带”的意思，如：He often help the old man carry water.

⑷ take 是“拿走”“带走”的意思，是从此带去。如： Who has taken my pen ?

7. discover (vt)发现;看出;暴露;显示 (op) cover (vt)覆盖 discover oneself显露自己的身份

discovery (n) (u)发现;发觉 ; (c)发现的东西 discoverer (n)发现者

[辨析]discover & invent的用法:

discover和invent都与“发明，发现”有关，但用法有所区别。

(1) discover指“发现或找到” 常指通过调查，实验等发现某种自然界本来已存在，但以前未被人类发现或认识的事物，如发现电，煤, 石油及新星，星系或科学真理等，如：

Columbus discovered America in 1492.

A new coal-mine has been discovered in this district.这地区发现了一个新的煤矿。

The scientist discovered a number of new things about the matter of universe.

= The scientist made a lot of new discoveries about the matter of universe.

⑵ discovery (n)[u]发现 [c]发现物，指已存在的而刚刚为人所知的事物。如：

Does any of them show discoveries?

⑶ invent指“发明创造”出自然界本来不存在的东西，指通过思考，实验和研究等发明了新的有用的物品。此外，它还有“虚构，编造”的意思。如工具，方法，手段，汽车，电器，合成材料。如：Who invented the first steam engine?

Bell invented the telephone. 贝尔发明了电话。

Edison invents / invented the light bulb.爱迪生发明了灯泡。

⑷ invention (n)“发明，发明物”，指原来不存在而被发明创造出来的新生事物。动词为“invent”，如： The new invention looks funny.

Gilbert _________ electricity and Edison ________ the electric light bulb.

A. invented; discovered B. discovered; invented

C. invented; invented D. discovered; discovered

The wheel is a great __________.

A. invention B. discovery C. inventor D. discover

8. dress （n.）衣服；服装，连衣裙 evening dress 晚礼服

（vt.）给……穿衣服 （vi.）穿衣服，打扮

● dress sb./oneself 给某人/自己穿衣服

● be/get dressed in +（衣服或表颜色的词） 表示“穿着……衣服 ”

● dress + adv.（或表目的，场合的介词短语） dress up 打扮；盛装；装饰

● dress up as 扮成 ● dress sb. down 训斥某人

[说明] ① dress 作名词指衣服时，主要指女士所穿的衣服；作及物动词用时，宾语必须是人而

不是物；（dress强调动作，be dressed 强调状态）

② dress 打扮自己或打扮某人，与介词as或like连用，或用dress up as sb.或dress up for sth.

Mother dressed the baby after she got everything ready.

Is she old enough to dress herself yet？

Dressed in their holiday best，the children were very excited.

“Wait a mimute ，”he said，“She is dressing upstairs！”

词语辨析：put on /have on/ be in /wear/dress的用法：⑴ put on 强调“穿的动作，多接衣服，鞋帽“等。He put on his raincoat before he went out.

⑵ have on 强调“穿”的状态，后跟表示衣服，鞋帽的具体名词，也可跟代词

注意：该短语不可用于进行时态。She has on/ is in a red dress and white shoes today.

⑶ wear 强调“穿着”的状态，后除跟“衣服，鞋帽”之类的名词外，还可跟“眼镜，戒指，项链，耳环，奖章，领带，手表，花”等名词，该词可用于进行时态，强调一时的状态。She often wears a white blouse and a red skirt.

⑷ dress 作“穿”时，如果用及物动词，则其宾语只能是指人的名词或代词，即“给……穿上衣服”，不可以直接跟表示衣服的词，如果用不及物动词，则后边不能跟宾语，但可带状语，但be dressed in 后跟表示衣服的名词外，还可跟一个表示颜色的词。

The boy dressed himself quickly.

⑸ be in强调状态，表示“穿戴”。 She has on/ is in a red dress and white shoes today.

9. enjoy (vt)享受；喜欢 enjoyable (adj)愉快的 enjoyment (n)享受；欢乐；乐趣

179．比较harm; injure; hurt; damage; wound的用法：

① harm 作及物动词“损伤，伤害”，后面不接不定式，含使人感到痛苦或烦恼之意，可指肉体或

精神上的伤害；语气较轻。几形容词： harmful （反义词）harmless, 短语 harm set , harm get 或harm watch ,harm catch 害人反害己。 be harmful to sb , do sb harm 或do harm to sb 对某人有害。

② hurt 伤害，损害。形容词（hurtful 反 hurtles）可指肉体上或精神上的的伤害，语气比harm重，

常含“伤口疼痛”之意。这时与injure 同义，常互换。但injure的伤势较重，hurt 还可表达感情的创伤。平时事故弄伤要用injure. 【注意】hurt 表示“受伤”，可用badly / slightly / seriously 等副词来修饰。 hurt “伤感”，可用much 或very much来修饰。

I’m seriously hurt in the leg . I was very much hurt at his words .

③ damage 伤害，损害，指对无生命的东西的破坏，使之成为无用、无价值之物，也可指一种损失。

④ wound 伤，受伤，指战场上或暴力引起的“刀、枪”的受伤，也可指精神“名誉”的创伤。

180．表示“在某世纪、年代”的结构,in +the+年份（复数形式） in the 1920s(=in the 1920s’)

在表示时间的长短中、年岁时，应该用系表结构。“In + one’s + 基数词”In his fifties

181. 词汇表达日常用语：ENTRANCE 入口 EXIT 出口 PUSH 推 PULL 拉 NO SMOKING 禁止吸

烟 NO PHOTOS 禁止拍照 FRAGUKE 易碎品 THIS SIDE UP 此面朝上 NO PARKING 禁止停车

DANGER 危险 BUSINESS HOURS 9：00— 2：00 营业时间 9：00 —- 2：000 PLAY 播放

STOP 停止 PAUSE 暂停 ON 开 OFF 关 NO EATING 禁止吃东西 NO DRINKING 禁止喝饮料

“exit to +名词/动名词。相当于go out to 出去，离去。exist in 存在 exist on 靠…维持生命

exist as 以……形式存在

182．thanks to 表示原因“由于……幸好；多亏”注意thanks不能省去s. to 是介词。后接名词。

not…at all表示“根本上，一点而也不”或作为回应别人的感谢时的客套语。

The lady found her son, thanks to the police.

183． hang (1) 悬挂 hung(过去式)——hung(过去分词)（2）吊死，绞丝 hanged—-hanged

184．the first day of the New year新年的第一天。

185. 常用词组搭配： show sb around +地点，表示“带领……参观” show sb into 领某人进入

show sb to the door 把某人领到门口。

186. hand 用作动词时，可与副词in ,out , on , down等搭配，构成含义不同的动词短语。

⑴ and in 表示“ 交进，交上，上交”其反义词hand out 。 You should hand in the wallet that

you picked up in the street . (2) hand out 表示“把……拿出来，分派”， Tom ,you should hand out the sweets to your little friends . (3) hand on 表示“ 把……传递下去” ， The torch (火 炬)of the ports meet was handed on to a basketball player . (4) hand down表示“把…… 传下来”。 This tradition was handed down from generation to generation (一 代一代)。

187. 常用词组搭配：fly to a place 相当于go to a place by air

188．常用词组搭配：

laugh at sb ,嘲笑某人，“因……而笑”

laugh in +one’s face 暗暗的笑，某人的脸。（也可接语言）

make fun of sb 取笑某人

sneer at sb 冷笑某人

smile 微笑

189.① at home 在家，指人在自己家里 ② in sb’s home /in the home表示某物在家里，或人在别人家里。

I was in Mary’s home yesterday . Sorry . I left your CD in my home .

We should learn to do the first aid (急救)in the home .

190． have lessons/classes 学生作主语

上课

give lessons/classes 老师作主语

191．Open 作形容词用作表语时，着重表示开着的状态；用作不及物动词时，只说明一种动作，没有别的特殊的含义；而作为及物动词用在被动结构时，着重动作发生的情况。终止性动词，在肯定句中不与表示时间段的状语连用。The swimming pool was opened ten hours ago . = It’s ten hours since the swimming pool was opened . an opening ceremony 开会 (开学 ,…)典礼 open up 开发 open out 打开；展开/展现(相当于show)；keep one’s eyes open 留心地看着 in the open air /outdoor 在户外

be open with sb about 关于某事对某人毫无隐瞒

192. part from 与……分手“瞬时性动作” 指人

part with =give up 断绝关系， 跟……分别…… 指物

193．What’s your number ? 是个特殊疑问句，用来询问某人的号码或座位号。 在英语中，一个集体，单位或场所的名称和号码，应作为一个专有名词处理，单词的第一个字母一般要大写。其中，基数词如果用英语表示，它的第一个字母一般要大写。如果表示“第几”的基数词要放在名词的后面，即名词在前，数词在后。

194. train （动词）培养，教育，训练，(相当于teach和drill),

train sb not to do sth 教育某人作某事 train sb for sth train sb in……

195. 表示“打电话“的几个动词及短语：

① call sb up Call up 119 at once if there is a fire .

② ring sb up Ring up 110 when you are in trouble .

③ phone sb Phone the doctor at once .

④ call one’s name 表示“喊某人的名字或叫某人的名字”

⑤ name （作动词时）表示“给…命名或取名”

196. hold on 拿着

sit on 坐在……

sit down 坐下

clean up 把……清扫干净 It’s your turn to clean the kitchen up .

clean driving licence 没有不良的驾驶记录。

around（=round） 作介词，表示“在……外面一层”circle around 环绕圆圈

197. 介词for常用于表示用途，对象等，后接名词，代词等或V-ing 形式。

The play is performed for children . This email is for you . It was for serving wine .

198. ① for one thing 常用于举出理由，一来，一则 ② for an other 二来，再则 for one thing we can’t afford it ,and for another it’s ugly.

199. 表示“对……要求严格：”的句型：

be strict in sth. He is strict in his work.

Be strict with sb He is strict with himself.

200.固定词组：read and write 表示“读写”的意思。

You must read and write carefully.

201. (1):过去分词作表语，表示主语的特点或所处的状态，其前面的系动词可用be , get , fee, become 等。 As we joined the big crowd I got A from my friends .

A: separated B: spared C: lost D: missed

(2):过去分词作定语：①单独一个过去分词作定语时通常放在所修饰名词前，过去分词短语作定语时，通常放在所修饰名词的后面，表示完成和被动的意义，但如果被修饰的词是复合不定代词或指示代词时， 去分词要放在被修饰的词之后。

Polluted (被污染的)air and water are harmful to our health . The problem discussed at the meeting yesterday was very difficult to solve. The prize of the game show is$30,000 and an all expenses B vacation to China .

A: paying B: paid C: to be paid D: being paid .

It is an organized activity . The boy named Tom is my brother , There was nobody invited here.

(3):过去分词作定语与定语从句的关系：①（及物动词）的过去分词表示已完成的动作，且含有被动意义，可转换为被动形式的定语从句。但不能用现在分词被动式的完成形式来表示。例：A letter posted today will reach him the day after tomorrow,(=A letter which / that was posted today will reach him the day after tomorrow . Scientists found many stones marked with members on the hill . ②部分不及物动词的过去分词只表示动作已完成，不含有被动意义，可转换为谓语动词为完成时态的定语从句。 We saw the risen sun , full of hope = We saw the sun which / that has risen , full of hope .

(4):请将下面的句子改写为过去分词作定语的句子。 I don’t like to read a letter which is written in pencil. = I don’t like to read a letter written in pencil .

Most of the artists who were invited to the party were from Italy .= Most of the artists invited to the party were from Italy . There are many leaves which have fallen on the ground . = There are many fallen leaves on the ground .

They finally came to the areas that had been liberated(解放).= They finally came to the liberated area. We are going to talk about the problem which was discussed at the last meeting .= We are going to talk about the problem discussed at the last meeting .

14．maybe (adv)

比较：maybe, probably和 perhaps几个表示“可能”，“也许”，“大概”副词用法的区别：

①maybe 指事物也许如此，但不能确定。常用于口语中。可用来提出礼貌的建议或要求，可放在句首。如： Maybe we should meet sometime next week. Maybe you are right.

Maybe he will come, and maybe he won’t. 他也许来，也许不来。

① probably 可放在句首和行为动词之前和助动词、情态动词或系动词be 之后。不可紧接于not等否定词之后；可与maybe替换。强调可能性很大。相当于：most like. e.g:

Probably he might be cured.(治愈) I probably didn’t try hard enough.

It’ll probably rain. Probably he won’t come.

“Can you come here on time?” “Probably”.

He won’t come probably. 不说：He won’t probably come.

③ perhaps 在句中位置的不同，意思也不同。相对probably来说，可能性稍小。反义词 surely .相当于maybe. e.g: Perhaps he will leave for home.(也许)

He will perhaps leave for home.(恐怕) Perhaps it will rain this afternoon.今天下午也许会下雨。（也许不下）

② possibly （形容词 possible ）用于肯定句中。常与can , may , must 等情态动词连用，比probably语气弱。用于否定句、疑问句中，意思为“无论如何，不管怎样”。e.g:

I’ll do all I possible can. It may be possible so. He can’t possibly forget it.

Can it possibly rain tonight?

⑤likely 其主语可以是人、物或it ,句型结构：主语+ be likely + 动词不定式”: It is likely that 从句；但不说：It is likely for sb to do sth ; 通常与 most, very 连用（用于口语中）。e.g: The weather is likely to be fine. = It is likely that the weather will be fine.

Most likely she is over thirty. 她也许已经过30 了。

备注：may be 是由“情态动词may ＋ be（动词原形）”结构作谓语。表示“或许”，具有可能性；对现在事情的推测。其后可用形容词、名词、代词及介词短语等作表语。e .g: It may be true.

15. about

比较: 表示“关于”的about 、on 和 of 介词的区别：

⑴ about 表示“关于，有关”。指内容较为普通，不正式，含有随便谈论的意思。涉及的内容广泛。

在搭配上，只有about才适合与dream, talk, speak, know, think, write, quarrel, agree, teach, learn, tell, read, hear, find out 等动词及story. ideas, oppinions等名词连用，这些情况不能用on 搭配。注意：about

(=around)作副词，表示“周围”“附近”。 Is there anybody about?

⑵ on表示“关于”指内容较为严肃或学术性的。可供专门研究问题的人阅读或参考。

⑶ of说及，提及。只表示事情的存在或发生，并不涉及详情。常与动词：dream, talk, speak, know, think, write, quarrel, agree, teach, learn, tell, read, hear, e.g:

I know nothing about the matter. I have never hear of such things.

我对这事一无所知。

He has written a lot of books on the history of Japan. I know of her. Please hear me out.

他写了许多关于日本历史的书。

Have you heard from Mrs Scobie? You’ll hear from you father when he gets home.

I heard of(about) it long ago. How did you hear about(of) our product?

4．辨析：情态动词 must , can和may 表示“推测”的用法：

（情态动词后面直接加动词原形，无人称和数的变化。）

⑴ must 表示“推测”，只能用于肯定句中，意为“很可能”。语气比may 肯定。

常用：“must have + 动词过去分词”，表示“一定已经”。

⑵ can 表示“推测”，可用来代替“must” 推测，意为“可能会”；帮助构成否定。

如：can’t + 动词原形（推断现在）；can’t have + 过去分词（推断过去）。意为“不可能”。构成“反意疑问句”中的附加成分需根据must 后的动词选用相应的形式。

⑶ may 表示可能性；意为“可能，也许”。对现在事情的推测用“may + 动词原形”；对已经发生的事情的推测用“may + have +过去分词”。e.g:

That must be Tom.　那一定是汤姆。

They must be wrong, aren’t they？　他们一定错了，是不是？

⑷．小结“情态动词+have +done ”的用法：

① must have done 对过去发生的事情的肯定推测，“一定……” They must have got lost .

② can’t / couldn’t have done对过去发生的事情的否定推测，“一定没有” they can’t have got lost .

③ needn’t have done 过去没有必要做却做了，“本来不必做… He need not have come last night .

④ should/ ought to have done 表示“应该做某事却没有做，本来应该做……”

但 should be doing 表示“应该正在做……”

You shouldn’t have told him about this .

You should have come here five minutes ago .

⑤ shouldn’t / oughtn’t have done 本来不该做却做了。 They shouldn’t have come .

⑥ might / may have done 过去可能做了某事（可能性小）“可能已经…… ”

She isn’t by now ,she may have missed her train .

⑦ could have done 过去本来可能做却未做，“本来可以做 ……”。

My English-Chinese dictionary has disappeared , who could have taken it ?

⑧ would have done 愿意做某事却不能做，“本来想要做…… ”

If I had had a chance , I would have tried .

6. 辨析a few; few 和 a little; little ; a good few ; quite a few 的用法：

⑴ a few; few 修饰或替代可数名词复数形式。既作名词又作形容词，意为“少数”， “几个”。表示虽

少但还有一些，常作定语，后面接可数名词复数形式。a few 表示肯定；few 表示否定。但也可作主语。I have a few English books besides this one.

They will be here in a few days.

A few of the survivors （幸存者）are still living.

He made few friends except Jane.

Few people knew the theory of relativity（相对论）then.

⑵ a little; little 修饰或替代不可数名词。既作名词又作形容词和副词。意为“一些”， “一点儿”。表示几乎没有，常作定语，后面接不可数名词。a little 表示肯定 ；但not a little 不少许（含双层否定，等于肯定）; little 表示否定。但也可作主语、宾语。He was not a little afraid. There is a little milk left in the cup.

I am a little tired. There is little water in the lake.

Little remains to be done about it.

⑶ few; little 含有否定意义。

⑷ a few ; a little 含有肯定意义。

①——Good morning, Mr Brown. Would you please tell me the result of the exam?

—–OK, you did quite well. You’ve made mistakes.

A. few B. a few C. little D. a little

② There issalt on it. A. few B. a few C. little D. a little

⑸ a good few （意思相当于）too many 表示“相当多；很多”。与可数名词复数连用。

e.g: A good few cars parked there.

⑹ quite a few （意思相当于）a good many 表示“相当多；很多”。与可数名词复数连用.

There are quite a few picture-books in our library.

I have been teaching at university a good many years.

⑺ a bit “一点儿”，“一些”；常作状语，修饰动词、形容词。a bit 后可接名词，of用连接。not a bit 表示“不多”（含否定）。注意：a bit 在for之后表示“一会儿；一些时间”。例a bit of water 一点水； know a bit of English 懂点英语； a bit of good advice一点宝贵意见

He was not a bit afraid. The weather is a bit warmer.

He didn’t care a bit. I feel a little bit cold.

7. 辨析:用代替词 So 表达“也是如此”、“确实如此”的句式：

⑴ So + be(助动词、情态动词)＋主语。表示“……也是如此”。（肯定句式）表示前面所说的情况也适

合于另一个人或物，此时主语与前句中的主语不一致。主、谓语要用倒装语序，前、后两句中的时态

要一致。如果表示“某人也不”。可用“Neither + 助动词 + 主语”的句型。（表示否定式）

—- I have a younger sister. —– So do I.

—- I am not happy. —— Neither is he.

⑵ So＋主语＋be（助动词、情态动词）。表示“……的确如此”。表示确认，重复并强调前句所说的

内容。其主语与前句中的主语指同一个人或物。主、谓语序不倒装。

①—-Jim enjoys listening to pop music. —-.

A. So does Helen B. Also is Helen C. Helen likes also D. So Helen does

②—-You’ve left the light on. —- . I’ll go and turn it off.

A. So I have B. So do I C. Nor have I D. Neither I do

③—-It may be in the bag. —-Ah,.

A. So is it B. So it is C. Nor has it D. Neither it is

④—-They eat a lot of potatoes. —-.

A. So we do B. Also do we C. So do we D. We like also

⑶ 用替代词so 还是 not ① 替代词so可以跟在动词：think，hope，believe，tell，do，speak，say，expect，imagine, suppose 等之后。表示“这样，如此”。替代肯定结构的that从句，为了避免重复，变为否定式有两种：第一种可用动词的否定结构，或用not 代替so .第二种替代词not 只能代替否定结构的that 从句。e.g: ① It was his duty to do so. ② Don’t you think so.

③ Do you think it’s going to snow today? —— I believe not.

④ I think not.= I don’t think so.

⑤ I hope so.只能说：I hope not. 而不说：I don’t hope so.

8. 辨析：be good for；be good to; be good at 的用法：

⑴ be good for……接指物的名词。表示“对……有好处”

⑵ be good to ……接指人的名词或代词。表示“对……有好处”

⑶ be good at ……接名词、代词(宾格)或v-ing 形式。意为“擅长”

① Chocolate is good D your health.

A. at B. to C. with D. for

② —- I think drinking milk is good A our health.

—- Yes, I agreeyou.

A. for ; with B. to ; to C. with; to D. at; with

9．辨析：either…or ;neither…nor ;both…and ;not only … but also…的用法：

⑴ either…or… 作并列连词，通常连接并列主语、谓语、宾语、状语或表语。当连接并列主语时，谓语动词必须与or.后面的主语在人称和数上保持一致。意为“不是…就是…；要么…要么…；或者…或者…。”

⑵ neither…nor… (否定式)并列连词，所连接的成分一定要对称或平衡。当连接并列主语时，其谓语动词的形式应与动词邻近的单词的数一致。意为“既不……也不…既非……又非…”

⑶ both…and…关联连词，通常连接两个名词(词组)或与之相当的代词。在其句中充当主语、宾语或表语;连接两个形容词可充当表语，连接两个动词(短语)，可充当谓语；其连接的两个词语最好是同性的。意为“不但……而且……；既……又……”。

⑷ not only…but also… ▲连接主语时，谓语动词须和邻近的主语保持一致。▲连接谓语时，not 前

不可有助动词。▲连接其它部分，位于句首时not only 后的主谓需要倒装；but also 后的主谓不能倒

装。意为“不但……而且……” 。▲ also 有时可用too 替换；当连接的是两从句，而且每个从句都

有自己的主语时，also 常可省略。▲但 not …but …（否定前部分，肯定后部分）“不是 …… 而是”。

① Either my father or my mother B dinner on weekdays.

A. cook B. cooks C. is cooking D. cooking

② Either Jane or Steven B watching TV now.

A. were B. is C. are D. was

③ —- Can I come this evening or tomorrow morning?

—- A is ok. I’m free today and tomorrow.

A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None

④ —- Which do you prefer, a bottle of orange or a bottle of milk?

—- B , thanks. I’d like just a cup of tea.

A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None

⑤ —- That place is not interestingat all.（一点也不）

—– A of us wants to go there.

A. Neither B. Both C. All D. Some

⑥ His hobby is D taking photos D collecting stamps. It is growing flowers.

A. either … or B. both … and … C. not only … but also … D. neither … nor ….

⑦ —— Have you sent your parents an-e-mail telling them you arrived safe?

—- No.__C__ of them can use a computer.

A. none B. both C. neither D. All

15．no matter what …+ be like 表示“不管……如何或是怎样的情况”含有让步状语的主从复合句

中，若主句是一般将来时，则从句要用一般现在时来表示将来。但 no matter how (不与like)连用。

16．现在完成时态：“由 have/has + 动词的过去分词” 构成:【注意要点】

⑴ 现在完成时态表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，可用非延续性动词。如果表示过去发生的动作或状态一直延续到现在必须用延续性动词。

⑵ 在完成时态中，必须用延续性谓语动词表示动作的延续。（work是延续性动词）；

⑶ 在完成时态中，终止性动词由于表示的动作及其短暂，不能持续，因此不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。但可用: It is +一段时间+since +一般过去时间的句式。表示“自从…以来有…的时间… ”。It’s…since…

结构中的动词时态搭配较为固定，多数情况下主句用一般现在时或现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。

⑷ 现在完成时态可用于包括现在时间在内的时间状语，表示到目前为止，today, this month /year 等。

already 作副词，(常放在行为动词前或系动词后)，表示“已经”，常用于完成时态的肯定句中。

但all ready意义为“都准备好了”。

⑸ yet 作副词，（常放在句末），表示“已经”，常用于疑问句和否定句中。

still 作副词，表示“仍然”，用于疑问句和肯定句中。其反义句为“not yet”

ever 作副词，表示“曾经”，指从过去到目前为止的任何时候，相当于at any time；用于一般现在时表示频率。可用于完成时态的肯定，疑问和否定句中。其反义词“never从未”。

⑹ how long （副词）表示某个动作或某种状态持续多久（持续过程没有中断）。提问时

间或距离的长短（时间长至几年，短至几秒），用于现在完成时态中，表示过去发生的动

作或状态持续到现在甚至将来；必须和延续动词连用。答语可用：for/about /since /until/

from…to…表示一段时间的词组连用。如：for /about two weeks. 而since /ever since + 时

间点或一般过去时的句子，表示一段时间。如：Since 2004. 还有during+时间段，是现

在完成时的时间志，表示“在一段时间内”，但during更强调过程。但：“in + 一段过去

时间”只能用于一般过去时。⑦ by then 表示“到那时”; so far “迄今为止”“`到目前

为止”。不表示距离，而表示时间。相当于(till now); 用于现在完成时态。但how many hours

of 表示以小时计数某事物的总量反复出现，不一定是持续发生的。How long were you in

Shanghai last year ? —— Two weeks. How many hours of reading do you do every day?

（二）【现在完成时五大考点】

【1】时间状语：just, never , ever, already, before, yet , ever since, lately 和表示过去至现在做过某事几次的词语so far , recently , in the past / last + 一段时间 ;over the last …year ,for +一段时间 ;since +时间点（含从句），since after …. 但just now (= a moment ago ) ①表示“刚才”用于一般过去时。②表示“现在”相当于now，用于一般现在时。③表示“过一会儿”用于一般将来时。

【2】 基本概念：现在完成时态主要强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响，以及过去发生的动作还未结束，一直持续到现在或将来，重点在于对现在的影响。（无时间状语、需要从上下文认真去分析才行）。

【3】与一般过去时态的区别：①现在完成时强调现在的情况，不能和表示过去的时间状语（yesterday , last night , three weeks ago , in 1990等连用。② 一般过去时态：强调过去的动作或状态和现在不发生关系。它只与表示过去时间状语（yesterday; last night; three weeks ago; in 1990 ）等连用。

【4】①have been in +地点：表示“在某地（多长时间 ）”常与表示一段时间的状语连用②have been to +

地点：表示“曾经去过某地”但现在已不在那个地方了（多指在说话现场）③have gone

to +地点：表示“去了某地”指主语已不在说话的现场可能到了去的 地方，也可能在路

程中。

【5】非延续性动词的用法：它在现在完成时态中不能与for 和since 引导的表示一段时间的状语连用。如：come, go, arrive, leave, begin / start ,open, buy, die, borrow, sell,lend , close , get to. join 等。

【6】解决的办法有三种：一是用过去时态来翻译句子。二是该动词的 相应的 延续动词来代替。（延续性动词：live / stay ;know ; study ; work ; keep ; sleep ; be 等。）三是用It is +一段时间+ since从句来翻译。

说明：现将非延续性动词及替换形式归纳如下：⑴ 用状态动词替代非延续性动词。注意：在否定句中，非延续性动词已成为一种能够延续的状语，因此可和表示一般时间的状语连用。

① come —— be here ⑨ come to —– be in / at

② leave —–be away from ⑩ go out —– be out

③ begin/start —– be on ⑾ put on—— wear

④ borrow —– keep (12) get to know——- know

⑤ die —— be dead (13) catch a cold —— have a cold

⑥ join —— be in/a(an) (14) fall asleep / go to sleep——- be asleep / sleep

⑦ become—— be (15) arrive in / at —— be in at

⑧ marry —– be married to sb (16) buy —— have

⑵ 用系表结构替代句中谓语和其它成分。

⑶ 一般过去时替代现在完成时。同时将for 短语改为ago短语

【7】例外：① 时间段＋later 表示“经过一段时间以后”。如： in ten minutes later 十分钟之后

② after + 时间段：只用于一般过去时态中。如：after a short time 一段时间之后；但“in + 一段

时间”用于将来时。③ so far有时也可以与现在时强调现在的情况和过去时（强调过去的动作或情况）

连用。 So far you are right.

【三】 how often 提问频率是多久？答语：Once/Twice./Very often./Sometimes./Never…

how much 提问价格是多少？

how many 提问……多少？

how long 提问具体事物的长度和时间长度？

how soon 提问“需要多长时间”；其谓语动词用终止性动词，时态用一般将来

时。其答语：In a week/month…

how far away …? 提问距离有多远？相当于：How many kilometers is it from …to…?

例如：（1）how far away…… (2) how many kilometers

①—– How far away are man-made satellites from the earth?

—– They’re 8,000 kilometers away from the earth .

②—–How far away is Britain from France ? —-It’s only 30 kilometres away from France .

③—–How many kilometers is it by train from Kunming to Guangzhou ? —–2,216

④—–How many kilometres by train is it from Nanjing to Wuhan ? —-1,229.

17. 反意疑问句：对陈述句所说的情况提出相反疑问的句子。它由两部分组成，前一部分

是陈述句，后一部分是省略的问句。如前一部分用肯定，后一部分用否定，如前一部分

用否定，后一部分用肯定。注意：反意疑问部分的动词时态、人称、含义都要与陈述部

分动词保持一致。当陈述句中含有表否定意义的词few； little； never； hardly；scarcely;

seldom；no；not等构成反意疑句时，附加疑问句应用肯定式。例句：You can speak

Greek, can’t you? —– She is a League member, isn’t she? —– Yes, she is.

① a great many 语气比强；表示“很多，非常多”跟可数名词复数。

I have a great many books to read.

18． ② a great deal of 大量多；非常多跟可数名词复数

She spent a great deal of time studying English.

③ plenty of 足够多；许多；大量。跟可数名词或不可数名词。

There are plenty of trees on the campus.

There is plenty of time.

21．比较代词 anyone & anybody & none & no one的用法：

⑴ anyone/anybody一般作单数处理。当指普遍现象而非个别特殊情况；表示“全部，毫无例外”。也作复数处理。作主语部分时，后面不宜用否定式的谓语动词，应将该词改为none/no one /nobody＋谓语动词肯定形式。Hardly anyone/ anybody/ anything …..表示“简直没有什么人（事物）”。

⑵ no one 表示“没有人或物，”当他作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，其后不能接of,注意两个单词不能写成一个。相当于nobody,常用于回答who引导的问句。

⑶ none （作代词）表示：“没有人或物”，指三个或三个以上的人或物。当它作主语时，谓语动词可用单复数形式，其后可接of，表示全部否定，但not all表示部分否定；意义为“未必全部都常”。回答How many / much 提问的句子。 None has left there. None of them have left there. Who came to see me just now? —– No,one. —– How many people came just now? —– None.

⑷ neither of + 名词复数作主语时，谓语动词用单数。

22．在英语句子中，为了避免重复，通常用it , one , that , those 和 so 来替代上文提到的

人或事物：（1）It 代替“the＋名词”，指前面提过的同一事物。（2）表示人时一般用he，

表示物时一般用it，但在下列情况下，常用it来表示人：指心目中的人；或指说话者对

谈及的人不清楚或只闻其声，不见其人。比如敲门，打电话等，或弄不清性别，尤其指

婴儿。等等。（3）one替代“a/an+单数可数名词”，指前面提到的同类事物中的一个。one

之前可用描绘性形容词，以及the , this , that , which , either等词修饰.one 的复数形式是

ones，它一般不能直接放在名词所有格、物主代词、数词以及some ,several ,these ,those ,

dozen , own , a 等词之后。除非前面有描绘性形容词。如：a new one / your red ones. one 前

用了the ，可替代带有前置或后置定语的可数名词，指特定的人或事物。（4）that 带后

置定语时，可替代句中某一个不可数名词。that可用来指代前句全部。（5）so 代替前句

中提到的事物. so用在动词think / expect / hope / believe / guess / suppose 后,替代一个起

从句作用的短语。

23. happenings发生的事情; doings所做的事; greetings问候; surroundings环境